What are the two steps involved in restoring a barrier island?

The restoration of a barrier island primarily involves two critical steps: building up the island's beach and dune systems and creating the adjacent marsh areas. Pumping sand to construct a beach and dune elevates the island, providing essential protection against storm surges and erosion. This process helps to restore the natural topography of the barrier island, making it more resilient to environmental stresses.

The second aspect of restoration involves pumping muddy sediment to construct a back marsh. This marsh area serves as a buffer zone that absorbs floodwaters, supports biodiversity, and helps in the filtration of pollutants. The combination of these two actions rejuvenates the barrier island's ecosystem and enhances its ability to withstand both natural and human-induced changes.

Other options, while they might be beneficial for community development or environmental enhancement, do not directly address the fundamental geological and ecological restoration of barrier islands. Restoring the physical structure and ecological balance of the barrier island is essential for its long-term sustainability and protection.